Among substance-using gbMSM, prevalence of HIV and STIs are higher than among non-substance-using gbMSM ( Ackers et al.
2001 Halkitis & Parsons, 2003 Rich et al., 2016 Stall et al., 2002), including condomless anal sex, which may contribute to transmission and acquisition of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) given high prevalence rates among gbMSM ( Halkitis et al. Further, substance use has been associated with higher risk sexual behaviors ( Benotsch, Kalichman, & Kelly 1999 Colfax et al.
Research on alcohol and drug use among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM) suggests that substance use is normalized and highly prevalent, and that there may be specific patterns of use within specific sub-cultures ( Card et al., 2018 Green, 2003 McKirnan, Ostrow, & Hope, 1996 McCabe et al., 2009 O’Byrne & Holmes, 2011 Pollock et al., 2012 Race, 2009 Stall et al.
